The lower back, known as the lumbar spine, consists of vertebrae stacked to protect, move, and support the spinal cord. This region is particularly prone to pain due to its role in supporting most of the body’s weight. Low back pain can range from a dull ache to a sharp, shooting sensation, potentially making it difficult to move or stand up straight. It can occur suddenly, such as during sports or heavy lifting. Pain lasting more than three months is considered chronic, while pain lasting less than three months is considered acute.
Causes of Low Back Pain: Low back pain often starts in the late 20s to 30s, with risk increasing with age. Common causes include lumbar strain, nerve irritation, pinched nerve, bony encroachment into the spinal canal, and other bone and joint conditions. Muscle strain from heavy lifting, vigorous exercise, or carrying a purse, backpack, or briefcase over the shoulder can also cause low back pain. Risk factors include being overweight, having a sedentary lifestyle, or a physically demanding job. Recent falls or injuries that cause back pain should prompt a visit to the doctor. Imaging studies like MRI, CT scans, and X-rays may be needed to determine the precise cause.
Symptoms of Low Back Pain: Symptoms vary depending on the cause and can include numbness or tingling in the lower limbs, urinary or fecal incontinence, inability to walk without pain, lower extremity weakness, muscle atrophy, joint pain, and fatigue. Intervertebral discs may wear out or get injured, leading to herniated discs that cause intense low back pain. Spinal stenosis, the narrowing of spaces around the spinal cord, can put pressure on nerves. Conditions like spondylitis can inflame spinal joints, causing chronic pain and stiffness, potentially leading to vertebrae fusing together. Muscle strain-related back pain typically improves over time, but using a heating pad or taking warm baths can expedite relief.
Diagnosis of Low Back Pain: Diagnosis involves analyzing medical history, conducting a physical examination, and using diagnostic imaging. Physical exams assess motion range, pain location, and nerve and muscle function. Doctors may diagnose nonspecific low back pain based on symptoms and examination. Imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs help visualize bones, muscles, nerves, ligaments, and cartilage, determining the exact cause and suitable treatment for low back pain.
Treatments for Low Back Pain: Treatment often includes medical interventions and non-invasive therapies, with surgery as a last resort. Research shows that massage therapy, stretching, and exercise can relieve low back pain in both the short and long term. Over-the-counter painkillers can alleviate muscle aches, while doctors may prescribe stronger medication if needed. Physiotherapy strengthens the back through stretches, exercises, and low-impact cardio. Surgery might be considered if pain interferes with daily life and other treatments fail. Surgical options depend on the pain’s cause and may include removing a herniated disc, widening spinal spaces, or fusing vertebrae. Minimally invasive procedures, such as endoscopic surgeries, are preferred for chronic and worsening low back pain.
